Multicultural Counseling Conceptualization

Multicultural counsellor ConceptualizationIlka I. BryantInter- classify characteristicsThe term African American is used to refer to Americans descendants of the African tribes master(prenominal)ly from the sub-Sahara who came to America as slaves in the 17th and eighteenth centuries. As it is commonalty with either unique cultural groups there atomic number 18 bound to be antithetic core values, attitudes and beliefs even within the selfsame(prenominal) group. Despite this, there argon attitudes, beliefs and values that atomic number 18 rattling common and which bind the group or in this case the African Americans together. around of these include they stick very strong kinship bonds, they strongly accept on the grandeur of strong religious ties or orientation, recognition of the importance of women and family in general is widespread. Children and how they are reared is dupeed as the responsibility of every atom of the community (Norment, 2005). The respect for the e lderly is highly encouraged and practiced.Because of the historical injustices affiliated on the African American they have developed a good sense of distrust of the government. They feel that the government neglected them and that it does non care. This has led umpteen a(prenominal) of them to become deeply religious, fatalistic and others have developed deviant behaviors. about African Americans who have chosen the path of religion identify with the Protestant movement and particularly the Baptist denomination.On the font of group self-perceptions and issues related to stereotyping the African Americans have always felt discriminated upon because of their clamber color (Norment, 2005). This feeling has not been helped by the various cases of injustices committed upon them from the first time they came to America as slaves, down the revolution times, during the times of the Black Power movements up to now.To the legal age of African Americans the government neglected them a long time agone and this has had negative furbish ups on their socio- frugal life. They argue that the governments neglect has been the main cause of poverty among them (Norment, 2005). That they had very little opportunity for success because m either of them did not go to school and therefore their chances of success both in the U.S and internationally was and is diminished. Some of them cite the slow government intervention during the hurricane Katrina as an example of how the government has neglected them.Intra-group characteristicsAs noted in the scuttle stirment, the African Americans share may common beliefs, practices and attitudes. But like any other cultural group they also have several differences. These differences top executive be due to the geographical location, the level of education and even the economic class. Most of the elite African Americans for example do not have that strong attachment to religion that is common with other African Americans. Those Afri can Americans who are doing very well economically are not belike to be bound by the beliefs, attitudes and practices that bind those below them economically. For instance, the kinship ties among the ladened African Americans are not as pronounced as compared to the suffering African Americans in the ghettos. Another major difference is between those African Americans from the South states such as Alabama which had a history of treating African American badly because of their skin color. The behavior and beliefs of the African Americans descended from these regions is very opposite from those who or their parents were raised in much liberal states such as New York which from the times of Abraham Lincoln was more lenient and tolerant.Different members of the African American group have different group self-perceptions mainly because of the different upbringing, education level, religious beliefs, and the economic status. To those who are endowed materially, they have very little time for groups but those African American who are economically disadvantaged identify very much with groups.There are trio theoretical approaches to counseling that are very important especially when relations with this kind of cultural group namely the psychodynamic approach, the humanistic-existential approach and the cognitive-behavioral approach. In the psychodynamic approach, the charge is on how the mortal internal world is organized (Anderson, 1985). It looks at the mortal childhood experiences, relationships and how the person deals with self esteem issues. This is very important to agnise when it comes to the African American group because some of them react differently especially in situations where they are the n minority or when abused because of their skin color. The counselor-at-law drives to work on the self esteem issues of this group more deeply than other groups.The humanistic-existential approach deals mostly with the person view of the world coupled wit h his experiences. It majors on the current life and state of affairs. The cognitive-behavior approach on the other hand looks at the persons behavior and beliefs. The kind of belief one has a direct impact on his or her behavior, for instance, negative belief is known to lead or result to maladaptive behaviors.Psychodynamic approach tries to get the person to bring to the clear their true feelings in order to experience them and understand them. This approach assumes that everybody has a subconscious hear and that feelings held in the unconscious mind, and that feelings held in the unconscious mind are often too painful to be faced (Anderson, 1985). lot come up with defenses to protect this painful feeling. The therapist them seeks to make the person to keep in touch with their own reality, makes them aware of the feelings they are not aware of and makes them tolerate the painful feeling they are experiencing.Since the African-Americans distrust the government, the counselor le ave alone try to make them aware that the problems they are facing are not caused by the government in power. The African-Americans will be kind to law and thus they will engage in illegal activities such as abusing drugs. The counselor should therefore try to convince them that they need to depart their attitudes towards the government and abide by law.The counselors will need to pay vigilance to the rights of the African Americans and should not in any way get entangled in any form discrimination. The counselors will need to treat them moderately regardless of their personal feelings that they may have against them. They should not stereotype on them and hence this will ensure that there is no biasness during the counseling decimal point (Avashi Grover, 2008). The counselors should also know the culture of the African Americans well before commencing with the counseling. This will enable him know the particular attitudes and values of the group and therefore annul prejudic e while counseling them.Another ethical and legal aspect that the counselors should have is competency. The counselors should have knowledge about the particular group they are dealing with (Avashi Grover, 2008). The competency should enable him come up with the best decisions in treating the clients and also estimate costs and consequences of choosing the best method of treating the African American client. The counselors should keep the information acquired from the client as confidential so as to avoid conflicts with the clientsDeveloping multicultural sensitivity awareness is an ongoing process. As counselors, it is important to view all clients as one individual, and comprehend that their beliefs, experiences, actors line and values affect the way they interact with others in a community. Also, we need to be aware that there are always differences within cultures. It is unfitting to assume that a common culture is accepted by all members of a linguistic, racial or religious group.ReferencesAnderson, W. (1985). Journal of Counseling and development. psychotherapy Counseling , 588589.Avashi, A., Grover, S. (2008). Ethical and Legal Issues in Psychotherapy. Journal of Counseling and study , 148-163.Norment, N. (2005). Readings in African American Language Aspects, Features, and Perspectives. Bern Peter Lang.

Analysis of the Indian Chyawanprash manufacturer YuvAnaH

epitome of the Indian Chyawanprash compelr YuvAnaHCompany profileYuvAnaH is an Indian company which manufactures Chyawanprash. It was accomplished in 2004. It is positi integrityd as a company which manufactures exclusively Chyawanprash. It is have a go at itn to set ab forth proposed wellnessy quality Chyawanprash for wholly age groups, across social boundaries. It has re apt(predicate) various presents over the years which include Certificate of Good Manufacturing Practices to manufacture Ayurveda, HACCP and GMP Certification in compliance with the Food do drugs Administration regulation. YuvAnaH is ISO 9002 certified. potFocus on growing their core brands across categories, reaching reveal to new geographies, within and outside India.MissionTheir mission goes beyond the unblemished provision to heal ailments and ex pitchs to helping population live long, wellnessy and prolific lives. They seek to explore harness the tremendous potentials of Ayurveda offer the go odness for gentle welf ar.ObjectivesintersectionsYuvAnaH Chyawanprash This is ordinary Chyawanprash. It contains all the basic ingredients of Chyawanprash and eject be consumed by citizenry belonging to all age groups.YuvAnaH Chocolate Chyawanprash This is chocolate flavored Chyawanprash tar sticking pip-squeakren and people who starty favour chocolates. It go forth be marketed as a convergence with added benefits of chocolates.YuvAnaH Sugar-free Chyawanprash This is targeted to diabetic patients since it does non contain artificial sweeteners.YuvAnaH Chyawanprash (for summer)This Chyawanprash is specially made for the summer season to provide protection against infections that be common during the season.YuvAnaH Diet Chyawanprash This product is specially designed for the Diet conscious with particular ingredients.YuvAnaH Chyawanprash (for pregnant women) Pregnant women are certain not to ca-ca chyawanprash. This product volition cater to the needs of a pregnant woma n.YuvAnaH Chyawanprash (for Skin) This product contains added herbs which are beneficial for a glowing skin. concord to Ayurveda, Chyawanprash comes chthonian the category of Rasayana which aims at maintaining youthfulness, vigor, vitality of the body and keeping international aging process, senility and debility. It maintains the proper functioning of the cells and rejuvenates the cells. However, the main ingredient, regardless of the make formula is always amla or amalaki, a tropical gooseberry that is the worlds richest informant of vitamin C. It is, to a greater extentover, a source that remains stable in storage for years.digestive and immune transcriptionChaywanprashs basic ingredient amla has 30 times more than vitamin C than orange and helps in strengthening the immune outline and expediting the mend process. Regular intake of chyawanprash strengthens digestion, absorption and assimilation of food and balances stomach acids. shopping centre and BrainThe perfect blend of Ayurvedic herbs acts as a cardiac stimulus and nourishes the brain cells by supporting the nervous system and enhances co-ordination and memory power. The popping is good for students as it increases retention and recall.Lung, Liver and KidneysThe smooth functioning of the lungs is facilitated by the regular intake of chyawanprash.Chyawanprash helps purify blood and invigorates the liver and helps to eliminate toxins. It helps the down flow of energy in the body and eases constipation. different BenefitsThe holistic traditional formula of chyawanprash improves skin complexion, glow and fights dermal bacterial infection. It get ons hair branch and helps absorption of calcium resulting in strong b whizs and teeth. It is especially good for alleviating cough and asthma. The anti-oxidant properties of the tonic act against the ageing process and maintain youthfulness.CanadaCanadaCanada is a country occupying or so(prenominal) of northern North America, extending from the Atla ntic Ocean in the east to the peaceful Ocean in the west and northward into the rubber Ocean. It is the worlds second monstrousst country by total area, and handles territory borders with the United States to the south-central and northwest.DemographicsCapital OttawaLargest City TorontoCurrency Canadian Dollar existence of Canada (2008estimate) 33,157,200 (0.51% of World population) creation growth rate 0.869%Birth Rate 10.75 births/1,000 populationDensity 3.2/km(219th)It is the worlds second largest country by total area.(Area 99884670 km2Even though the density is just 3 persons per settle kilometer , a studyity of population is concentrated in the infinitesimal band along the U.S. border, leaving a major portion of the land mass unoccupied.Distribution of populationPopulation Distribution by period Group0-14 17.9%15-64 69.1%65+ 13.0%Population of Main Metro AreasToronto 5,203,571Montreal 3,607,150Vancouver 2,159,994Ottawa-Gatineau (Capital) 1,142,708Calgary 1,037,136E dmonton 1,001,636Quebec City 710,801Hamilton 702,396Winnipeg 698,210capital of the United Kingdom 459,697Considering the fact that a majority of population lives in the metros mentioned above, majority of our merchandise promotions go forth concentrated in those areas. economical EnvironmentGross case Product $760Purchasing power parity(per capita) $29,400(harmonize to the World buzzword Economic Groups, Canada travel under the high per capita income category)Canada was the only country from G7 to record a redundancy in 2006 and 2007. It was estimated to be the only country from G7 to record a extravagance in 2008 as substantially.Canada is on track to eliminate its net debt by 2021. By doing so, Canada entrust be able to count itself among the genuinely a few(prenominal) OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries that are in a net asset position.The OECD forecasts Canadas excess pass on be 0.8per cent of GDP in 2008, compared to an expected come deficit of 2.7 per cent in the G7 countries.Trade and Economic Organization MembershipsAsia Pacific Economic Co-operationCommonwealthGroup of Eight (G8)International Monetary memory boardLa FrancophoneNorth Atlantic Treaty OrganizationOrganization for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentOrganization of Ameri toilette StatesUnited Nations (and its subsidiary agencies)World BankWorld Trade Organizationfrankincense, the surface of the market and the nature of the scrimping portray a positive economic environment of Canada and favor the creation of business relations with it.Cultural environmentEstablished in 1867 as a nation without war or rebellion, Canadians are most in all probability to be described as friendly, peaceful, polite, modest. They have a unique kitchen-gardening and deeply rooted values and traditions and though they enjoy cordial relations with their neighbor the United States they are not Americans. They love to laugh , ofttimes at their own expense, sin ce they dont always take themselves too seriously.Language contrasted many countries Canada has 2 official wrangles English and french. A majority of cut speakers-called francophones-live in Quebec. Thus they have a bilingual culture. This fact will be kept in mind by resorting to bilingual labeling and advertizing and bilingual press releases.Creativity Canadians value creativity and support its nurturing in all walks of life. They are not resistant to assortment.Attitudes and ValuesCanadians struggle with how to promote their image as Canadians and separate themselves from Americans. Our marketing strategies will take bang of this cultural factor.Canadians are practical in their approach. They speak their minds and voice their opinions and are open to those of separate(a)s. British novelist Douglas Adams said each country was like a particular type of person, and Canada is like an intelligent 35 year senile woman. America, on the separate hand, is a belligerent adolescen t boyCanadians tend to dislike excessive promotion. It is favorable to skip the hype and focus on the facts.They to a fault tend to dislike companies which make negative comparisons with Canadian products. faith Canada has a wide mix of organized religions and there is no official religion of Canada though a majority of the population follows Christianity, followed by a large number of people who claimed to have no religious affiliation.Family structure a typical family structure in Canada in 2005 was a spo intention and no children below the age of 13 at least one child between the age of 13 and 24.Political EnvironmentCanada has a national parliamentary democracy within a constitutional monarchy.In general, Canadian politics have not operated through revolutionary, swift changes. Instead, change is typically slow and worked out through compromise between interest groups, regional consultations, and the authorities of the day.India and Canada have always had a healthy trade relat ionship.Thus , political environment is as well as favorable and there will not be any major issues as far as the government is concerned.Legal EnvironmentCanada can guarantee investors the overall lowest assess rate among move uped countries.One important factor is the legal system in Canada is that although their criminal lawfulness system nationally and the civil law system in most of Canada is based on the English precedent-based system of common law, civil law in the Province of Qubec is based on the cut Code Napolon. For this reason, we should ensure that our Canadian legal advisors are well versed in twain systems.Few laws that are different to Quebec in particular are as followsGenerally speaking, a French firm let out may be accompanied by its English version, provided that the French version appears at least as prominently however, insome cases, habituate of the English version of a firm touch on is only permitted if the French version is markedly predominant, m eaning the French text must have a much greater visual impact than the text in another language.Product labellingEvery inscription on a product, its container or wrapping, or on a leaflet, brochure or card supplied with it, including the directions for use and warranty certificate, must be drafted in French.Public signs, posters and commercial advertisePublic signs, posters and commercial advertising may too be bilingual, provided that the French is markedly predominant. However, large billboards or signs that are visible from any part of a public highway must be exclusively in French, unless they are displayed on the firms premises. Likewise, signs on public transportation vehicles, much(prenominal) as buses and subways, must be exclusively in French, unless they are used on a regular basis to transport passengers or merchandise both inside and outside Qubec, in which case the signs may be bilingual.Any corporation that contravenes the Charter is liable for each offence to a fin e of up to $1,400 and, for any ulterior conviction, to a fine of up to $7,000. each shipments to Canada are also outlet to the 7% Goods and Services Tax (GST), a multi-stage sales tax.About health CanadaThe new face of the average Canadian health care consumer belongs to a well-educated, middle-income, middle-aged woman who is actively involved in her own well-being. She is very interested in diet and nutrition, longevity, alternative medical therapies, vitamins and antioxidants. And shes willing to give in she spends between $500 and $1000 a year on health supplements.Respiratory and cardiovascular complaints are the major reasons for hospitalization in Canada. Other reasons include digestive diseases, genitourinary diseases, poisoning, mental disorders etc.A map showing leading causes of death in Canada is as under. Canadians are health conscious and try to make healthy eating decisions. According to a new study conducted by Ipsos-Reid on behalf of Sleeman Breweries, nine in ten (93%) Canadians say they try to be health conscious when make decisions about what to eat. The factors which play an important role in the eating habits of Canadians are as followsSource Tracking Nutrition Trends surveyKey motivators to change/ improve eating habits PercentageTo maintain personal health 58%To lose w eight-spot 22%To accommodate the needs of family members 10%To hinder disease 8%To look better 8%The relative wideness of each of these factors, however, differed according to age, with responses related looking better being more prevalent among adults under the age of 25 (17%) and responses related to maintaining health and preventing disease being more prevalent among those over the age of 45.National Population Health Survey (NPHS) also indicated that the single biggest reason reported for avoiding or choosing certain foods for both women (80%) and men (63%) is maintaining or improving health.DiabetesWe all know that there is no quick fix for diabetes. More th an 2 meg Canadians have diabetes, over one third of them arent diagnosed. Forty percent of Canadians with diabetes develop long-term complications such as high blood pressure, vision sledding and kidney disease. It is clear that diabetes has become a public health challenge of major proportions in Canada. Many cases of type 2 diabetes could be prevented by reservation healthier living choices.Childrens eating habitsUnhealthy eating habits during childhood can interfere with optimal growth and development Poor diet can predispose to a number of serious illnesses, such as cardiovascular disease and some cancers, and lead to a poorer quality of life. Increases in other nutrition-related risk factors for chronic disease in children such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and type 2 diabetes have also been found. Poor diet has also been linked to low academic performance, buildroom behaviour problems and low self-assertion among school-age children.The Canadian Community Health Survey found that seven out of 10 children aged four to eight, and half of adults, did not eat the recommended occasional minimum of five servings of vegetables and fruit. Children age four to eight years consumed less vegetables and fruit on average than any age group, 4.18 servings per day. Among girls aged 10-16 years, 83% did not consume the recommended three daily servings of milk products. More than a fifth of total calories consumed by 4-18 year olds and 18.2% of calories consumed by four to eight year old children came from the other foods category. More than a third of these other foods were reported as soft drinks, marks, fruit drinks, animal fats, chocolate bars and potato chips. Among youth aged 14-18, one quarter of all calories came from other foods.The growing number of older and longer living Canadians, faced with health problems and being more prone to illnesses and injuries, have supported sales of medications and health care services in the country. Recently, a research showed that many Canadians are progressively turning to preventive care and self-medication, thereby increasing the scope of health products like Chyawanprash.Marketing MixProductsYuvAnaH ChyawanprashYuvAnaH Chocolate Chyawanprash.YuvAnaH Sugar-free Chyawanprash.YuvAnaH Chyawanprash ( for summer)YuvAnaH Diet ChyawanprashYuvAnaH Chyawanprash ( for pregnant women)YuvAnaH Chyawanprash ( for skin)All YuvAnaH products will be gettable in a standard size of 500 gms.BrandingAll our products will be branded under the name of YuvAnaH which is Sanskrit for the youthful, thereby following Umbrella Branding. Ayurveda is native to the Indian Subcontinent. Thus, the Sanskrit name YuvAnaH implies a Made in India image which works favorably for the company. promotion and labelingOur product will be packed in HDPE plastic containers which will be sealed with a golden foil.The federal Consumer Packaging and Labeling lay out require bilingual designation of the generic name on most prepa ckaged consumer products. Under this Act, the following information must appear on the package/label of a consumer good sold in CanadaDrug Identification Number (DIN),Natural Product Number (NPN)or a Homeopathic Drug Number (DIN-HM)This is to ensure the people about the sentry duty of the product. Since Canadians tend to make healthy eating decisions the package of the product will emphasize the nutrients and herbs it contains along with its benefits. Other relevant information includes Name of the productBrand name of the product ,Country of origin ,Name and address of the topical anesthetic importer, troth Marking, Manufacturing, Date ,Expiry Date , Storage Batch Number and Packaging Date(PKD, )Precautionary meaning ,Bar Code,Dosage, Nutritional Value (different for various flavors,) Ingredients (different for various flavors).Promotion Mix abridgmentElectronic MediaTelevision in CanadaThe Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) operates both English-language and French-langua ge national television networks. Both networks broadcast on two channels, one with regular computer programming and one with all-news programming. There are two mystical national television networks CTV, broadcasting on two English-language channels (regular programming and all-news) and Global Television, broadcasting on a single English language channel. There are also 105 independent television displace in Canada.Over 98% of Canadian households own Television sets. 2 out of 3 households subscribe to Cable TV though over-the-air local television is free.85% of Canadian consumers agree that they are too obsess with images of youth. They feel alienated by advertisements that do not portray people like me.Government controlQuebecSection 248 of the Consumer Protection Act 1980 provides that no person may make use of commercial advertising enjoin at persons less than thirteen years of age.RadioCanadians spend more time with radio compared to the US (22.2 hrs weekly) and radio enjo ys a larger share of ad spending in Canada.Print MediaThe newspaper with the highest circulation is the Toronto Star, and the newspaper with the highest readership per capita is the Windsor Star.Readership of club newspapers is strong despite the size of the market 70.4% of the ComBase sample read the most recent issue of their community newspaper. These readers are loyal with most learning all 4 of the last 4 issues They read with attention recital most or all of each issue Community newspapers get high ratings from their readers.Community newspapers capture a very high proportion of exclusive readers.Point of Purchase advertising72% of big boxes were added in the previous nine years.59% of all big box locations are on expressways. This gives a scope for sales through point of barter for advertising.Perception of Ayurvedic MedicinesIn 2005, the Canadian government had banned the sale of Indian ayurvedic medicines in the country claiming that they contain high levels of metals like lead and quicksilver and arsenic, posing grave health risks. Improper manufacturing processes may result in dangerously high level of heavy metals remaining in the final examination product. However YuvAnaH Chyawanprash is not included in the products that are banned. Our company obtained the certificate of Good Manufacturing Practices in 2001 and also ISO 9002 certification in 1999. The products are construct as per Indian Standards. Authorized natural health products will both bear an eight-digit Drug Identification Number (DIN), a Natural Product Number (NPN) or a Homeopathic Drug Number (DIN-HM). This dominance indicates that the product has been assessed by Health Canada for safety, efficacy and quality. All our promotion programmes will highlight the fact that our products are legal and completely safe for consumption. betoken MixEntry StrategyWe intend to enter Canada by directly exporting our products. The company has two distributors in Canada one in Toronto and o ne in Vancouver. As shown in the demographics, these are the most populated metros of Canada. They also happen to be the cities where most of the Canadians live. These distributors stock the products in their warehouses and regularly sum up to retailers over there. They have major tie-ups with many super markets and these markets sell their products.We will follow 4 level channel of distribution involving our importer, distributers and retailers. Through our distributors YuvAnaH will reach out to all the major cities of Canada some of which are Toronto Montreal, Vancouver , Ottawa-Gatineau (Capital), Calgary , Edmonton, Quebec City, Hamilton, Winnipeg, London.CompetitorsDabur ChyawanprashThe biggest and major competitor for the company is the Dabur Chyawanprash. Dabur is already an established player in this country and has a wide range of products over here. The company has a major market share in Canada. Dabur is also a very far-famed brand in India and thus has the delimitatio n.Himani Sona Chandi ChyawanprashThere are other competitors such as the Himani Sona Chandi Chyawanprash. This company is also an established company in India and has a wide range of products in Canadian market. Its moisturizing cream Boroplus is huge victory in Canada and thus has helped company strengthen its base in Canada.Tattvas Herbs Chyawanprash is also an exporter of Chyawanprash and is available in Canada.Since the major herbs required in Chywanprash are available only in India there no manufacturers of it in Canada.Competitive edgeThe prices of Dabur, Himani, and Tattvas is very high .They cater only to the high spending class of people. This leaves YuvAnaH an opportunity to target the low-spending category.None of the competitors provide chocolate flavored Chyawanprash or sugar free chyawanprash in Canada. Here, YuvAnaH has an edge over the others.The only company which has franchises in Canada is Dabur . Since our company is also planning to introduce similar kind of st ores where all our products would be available company hopes to face the competition fiercely.

Arguments For and Against Minimum Wage in the US

Arguments For and Against borderline operate in the USPatrick Tawadros, Corinne Dexter, Mark Hanna, Yuanwen pealMediated Speech Outline stripped profitsI. IntroductionIn this country, regardless of views and opinions, the shirktroversial topic of minimal salary has resounding make believe on civiliseers, businesses, and consumers alike.We impart try to parse out the gory expatiate by debating the professional persons and cons of increasing the token(prenominal) occupy.We have through with(p) extensive research, as well as worked our fair share of marginal profits jobs swelled us the ability to speak confidently on matters related to negligible pursue.Its plausibly near of you have stripped net jobs giving you something to relate. If you dont work for negligible wage you are probably still a consumer and consequently every through wage extends or court appends the dissolving agents of this debate leave al one have an impact in your life. at that place are strong melodic lines two for and against face lifting the stripped-down wage includingThe potential to improve wellness, pedantics, and deoxidise crime swans.The potential to lead to a spike in unemploymentThe potential to reduce pauperism levelsAnd finally the potential to cut back demandHow might on the button a few dollars do all this? Well lets start with the scratch line health academics and crime. II. Bodyprofessional psyche Argument 1 (PATRICK TAWADROS) Increasing the borderline wage would have positive health installs, improve academics in the boilersuit sense, and reduce crime rates.Increasing borderline wage sustains a rosy-cheeked population and lowers mortality.In a study done by Rajiv Bhatia, MD, on the California minimum wage, it was put that a higher(prenominal)(prenominal) minimum wage would ultimately allow workers to have enough to eat, be to a greater extent(prenominal) seeming to exercise, and even prevent premature deaths (Bhatia).In ano ther study conducted by Barhii, he concluded that policies that reduce poverty and raise fee of low-income hoi polloi can be expected to significantly improve overall health and reduce health inequities (Barhii).To add to the added health benefits, increasing minimum wage would addition school day attendance, while simultaneously decreasing high school dropout rates.Teens living in poverty are twice as likely to miss 3 or more days of school per calendar month when compared to teens who do not live in poverty (Bhatia).A higher minimum wage would reduce crime.In a study done by the Executive social function of the Presidents Council of frugal Advisors, it was found that by raising minimum wage to $12 by the year 2020 that there would be a three to five percent crime decrease. This is primarily imputable to the fact that higher wages provide viable and sustainable employment. (Executive Office of the President)In another study conducted at the University of Virginia, it was foun d that an increase in wages is associated with a reduction in property-related crimes. (Fernandez)Response to pro command (con) (YUANWEN) At first glance, the increasing of minimum wage would allow pot of lower incomes to live a better life. But increasing minimum wages adds many potential threats to the equilibrium of the free merchandise. The net effect of this interference is not necessarily good. To specify, increasing minimum wage testament cause higher unemployment rate, and has no significant links to lowering the crimes..There is few evidence to show that there is a link amidst the increasing of minimum wages and decreasing of crime rates. According to a study conducted by Boston College in 2013, crime will increase by 1.9 percentage points among 14-30 year-olds as the minimum wage increases. (Fuller).Due to the higher unemployment rate caused by the increasing of minimum wage, some of the next genesis will not be able to return the education. In 2009, a study by the American Journal of economic science and Sociology discovered that in Maryland, a 25-percent increase in the real minimum wage was associated with a 0.55 percent increase in the dropout rate for Hispanic students. (Crofton, Anderson, and Rawe).Con argument (YUANWEN) On the contrary, increasing the minimum wage would force business to perplex off more employees to save budgets and raise the unemployment rates.Sub point 1 Increasing minimum wage will raise the cost of businesses, lower their employment levels, and cause higher unemployment rate.Raising minimum wage will increase the cost of businesses, forcing businesses to lay off more employees. The Congressional figure Office predicted a $7.25 to $10.10 minimum wage increase could potentially cost 500,000 jobs. (Congressional cypher Office).Increasing minimum wages will lower the willingness of businesses to engage more employers, due to the swipe of the cost. There was a survey conducted of 1,213 businesses and homophile re sources professionals and 38% of the employers who payed minimum wage express they would resort to letting go some employees if it was raised to $10.10. Among them 54% said they would decrease hiring levels (Kast).Statistically, comparing to countries that do not have minimum wage insurance policy, countries with minimum wage policy have higher rate of unemployment. In 2014, Steve H. Hanke, Professor of Applied sparings at Johns Hopkins University, conducted a survey of the 21 European Union countries that had a minimum wage and discovered they had an average unemployment rate of about 11.8%, which was a third higher than the 7.9% average in the remaining EU countries with no minimum wage (Hanke).Sub point 2 Increasing minimum wage will put lower-skilled worker at a disadvantage, since the mug up of wage exposes those lower-skilled to the same competition with those more skilled.Raising minimum wage will put lower-skilled workers at disadvantages. From an employers point of view , race of lower skills do not on the buttonify the rise of minimum wages, but they have no choice but to join the competition with the more skilled, if minimum wages are increased. James Dorn stated that a minimum wage increase by 10% leads to a 1-3% decrease in employment of low-skilled workers in the short term, and to a larger decrease in the long slope (Dorn).Increasing minimum wages puts lower-skilled workers at a disadvantages by forcing them to be exposed to the same competition with heap who are more skilled. George Reisman stated that if the minimum wage was increased to $10.10, jobs that presently pay $7.25 had to pay $10.10, than workers who antecedently would not have considered those jobs because of their ability to earn $8, $9, or $10 per hour, will now consider them. The effect is to expose the workers whose skills do not snuff it a level corresponding to $7.25 per hour to the competition of better educated, more skilled workers presently able to earn wage rates ranging from just above $7.25 to just below $10.10. (Reisman).Response to con argument (CORINNE) patronage the claim of a rise in unemployment, studies on past minimum wage hikes have shown little effect on unemployment in both federal mandated and state mandated hikes.Sub point 1 A fictional character study of the fast food industry which compared two states, New island of Jersey and protoactinium after New Jersey increased the minimum wage, and Pennsylvania did not, showed that there is no evidence that the rise in New Jerseys minimum wage reduced employment at fast-food restaurants in the state (Card, Krueger). The department of beat back statistics further contends that in 65 years of federal minimum wage hikes, unemployment rates in the past have generally gone down, or stayed the same after increases in the minimum wage with only one exception in the 70s and that unemployment spike is linked to other causes such as recession and an energy crisis (Real Minimum Wage). Histor y shows that it safe to assume that if anything a higher minimum wage will put more silver in mountains pockets to be used for discretionary spending which will give the market or keep it the same, but not increase unemployment.Pro argument (CORINNE) What, hoever, minimum wage increases always do, is reduce poverty and in turn reduce regimen spending.Sub point 1 Currently, the minimum wage is not enough to live on. The economic policy constitute using government sources found that the average cost of living in the U.S., excluding discretionary spending is roughly $50,000 more than what a minimum-wage worker earns (Cooper). As a result many people are either and making it by, or are below the poverty line merely and relying on government attention to do so. In the 2014 Congressional reckon Office report, it showed that increasing the minimum wage to $9 would lift 300,000 people out of poverty, while raising it to $10.10 would bring 900,000 people out of poverty (Congression al Budget Office). Accounting for inflation minimum wage should in reality be even higher at $10.52 or more depending on where soulfulness lives implying that poverty rates could shrink even lower with a more aggressive raise (Cooper).Sub point 2 By component families survive off the the diligent work that they do we are similarly helping the taxpayer burden. It was reported in 2014 by The Center for American come near that by raising the minimum wage to $10.10, SNAP spending would lineage by $4.6 billion (West, Reich). Likewise The Economic Policy Institute found out that by making the minimum wage to be $10.10, at least 1.7 million Americans would not depend on government aid programs (Cooper). The wage increase would save $7.6 billion on annual government spending for income- get programs (Cooper). This money could either go back into the pockets of the everyday person or be used for other beneficial programs.Response to pro argument (MARK HANNA) Unfortunately a decrease i n government spending for income support programs could lead to unintended negative sideeffects down the road for the poor people and unemployed.People who have then been laid off would suffer from reductions in benefits because of congressional budget cuts to programs such as the supplemental nutrition assistance program (SNAP, lineerly called food stamps), temporary assistance for needy families (TANF), the take in Income Tax Credit (EITC), child-care subsidies, housing vouchers, and Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) due to the benefit rates melt as income rises (Sherk, 2013). Those people still employed would be able to afford more so the need for these programs would diminish and as more people will have to use those defunded programs as unemployment increases, poverty will rise as the budget will not be able to support them (Sherk, 2013).The standard of living will also increase as minimum wage increases. In a study conducted by Purdue Universitys shallow of hospitality an d Tourism Management, they found that increasing wages to $22 an hour raises consumer prices by 25% (McClure, 2015).Con argument (MARK HANNA) Thus, raising the minimum wage would actually lower demand for market development and products as a result of higher prices, resulting in negative long term outcomes for families and the economy.Studies show that if the minimum wage was to increase from $7.25 an hour to $10.10 an hour, the demand for workers would decrease and many people would get laid off. Meanwhile, those who were not laid off pay 15% more on payroll and income taxes for each additional dollar that is added to the minimum wage (Sherk, 2013). This decrease in demand will have indispensable negative consequences for unskilled workers and their families in the long run in the form of less opportunity for employment and skill acquisition. Chaplin, Mark, and Andreas (2003) found through a study they conducted that increasing the minimum wage would lower the continuation rate fo r grades 9-12 in states with dropout ages under 18.Raising the minimum wage will cause demand to fall for what James and Mary Kau (1973) call industrial inducement, which is depict as the incentive for industry to progress itself forward. This fall in incentive was documented in a study conducted by Van sickle (1946), where he found that the south was booming with industrialization for a few decades then plummeted after the Fair Labor Standards Act was passed. The rising be created by low demand for work would also impede competition, as the cost of production of goods from the south to the north would increase (Kau Kau, 1973).Response to con argument (PATRICK TAWADROS) Long term effects of the minimum wage creation increased do not affect educational opportunities for teen workers and do not hurt demand for consumer goods.In an journal article by Warren and Hamrock (2010), they describe how the effects of a minimum wage increase would not impact teen workers who were not alre ady doing poorly academically as others say it may. They claim it would only impact those who would have had a history of failure who are not engaged in meaning(prenominal) extracurricular, social or athletic activities in school and, perhaps most importantly, who are in a position to meaningfully increase their levels of advertize market participation (Warren Hamrock, 2010). They continue to state that if the raise would impact a certain educational subset, it would be those students who are competing with adults for jobs and/or who would be dropouts either way (Warren Hamrock, 2010).Minimum wage increases do not impact market development as innovation has always been outrunning minimum wage increases. This is shown in an article published by The Economist (2015), stating that in most substantial countries minimum wages rise with income levels, but in America that is not the case, as one would think that in a country with a GDP of $53,000 per person, the minimum wage should be at least $12 an hour, but it is not. Therefore, because it has not kept up with income rises, it cannot be safely said that raising the minimum wage kills innovation.Thus far, what have we learned from our parole? Lets recap.III. ConclusionUltimately, increasing minimum wage could reduce poverty, hence, improving health, academic performance, and decreasing crime rates. However, on the other hand, increasing minimum wage could pressure business to lay off employees and could decrease demand for crowd and products.Regardless of perspective, the controversial and divisive topic of minimum wage is a far reaching issue in the United States of America and so it is important to weigh all sides equally to come to a match conclusion.Works CitedPatricks Pro Argument SourcesExecutive Office of the President, Council of Economic Advisors, Economic Perspectives on Incarceration and the Criminal Justice System, whitehouse.gov, Apr. 2016Fernandez, J., Holman, T., Pepper, J. V. (2014). The Im pact of LivingWage Ordinances on Urban abomination. Industrial relations A Journal of delivery and Society, 53(3), 478-500.Rajiv Bhatia, wellness Impacts of Raising Californias Minimum Wage, Human Impact Partners website, May 2014 quest Area Regional Health Inequities Initiative (BARHII) The Minimum Wage and Health A Bay Area Analysis, barhii.org, Oct. 2014Warren, J., Hamrock, C. (2010). The Effect of Minimum Wage evaluate on High School Completion. Social Forces, 88(3), 1379-1392. Retrieved from http//www.jstor.org.proxy.libraries.rutgers.edu/stable/40645895The Economist. (2015, May 20). concede dirt. Retrieved from http//www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2015/05/minimum-wagesCorinnes Pro Sources Card, D., Krueger, A. B. (2000). Minimum Wages and recitation A Case cultivation of the Fast-Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania Reply. American Economic Review,90(5), 1397-1420. doi10.1257/aer.90.5.1397Cooper, David. Raising the Federal Minimum Wage to $10.10 Would S ave galosh Net Programs Billions and Help Ensure Businesses Are Doing Their Fair Share. Issue apprize no. 387. New York Economic Policy Institute, 2014. Print.Real Minimum Wage Rate vs Unemployment Rates January 1950 to January 2013 Chart. (2013.). In Bureau of Labor Statistics .Reich, Michael, and Rachel West. The Effects of Minimum Wages on Food Stamp Enrollment and Expenditures. Industrial Relations A Journal of Economy and Society 54.4 (2015) 668-94. Web.The Effects of Minimum-Wage Increase on Employment and Family Income. Rep. no. 4856. N.p. Congressional Budget Office, 2014. Print.Yuanwens Con SourcesCongressional Budget Office, The Effects of Minimum-Wage Increase on Employment and Family Income, cbo.gov, Feb. 2014Kast, S., New Express Employment Professionals Survey of Employers Shows 38% of Those Who Pay Minimum Wage Will countersink Off Workers If Wage Is Hiked, prweb.com, Mar. 19, 2014Hanke, S.H., Let the Data Speak The Truth female genital organ Minimum Wage Laws, Ca to Institute website, Apr. 2014Dorn, J., The Minimum Wage Delusion, and the Death of greenness Sense, Forbes, May 7, 2013Reisman, G., How Minimum Wage Laws Increase Poverty, Mises Institute website, Apr. 4, 2014Crofton, S.O., Anderson, W.L., Rawe, E.C., Do high Real Minimum Wages Lead to More High School Dropouts? Evidence from Maryland across Races, 1993-2004, American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Apr. 2009Fuller, D., multilevel Study Finds No Link Between Minimum Wage and Crime Rates, uc.edu, Nov 18, 2013Marks Con SourcesSherk, J. (2013, June 25). What is Minimum Wage Its History and Effects on the Economy. Retrieved from http//www2.heritage.org/research/testimony/2013/06/what-is-minimum-wage-its-history-and-effects-on-the-economyChaplin, D. D., Turner, M. D., Pape, A. D. (2003). Minimum wages and school enrollment of teenagers a look at the 1990s. Economics of Education Review, 22(1), 11-21.Van Sickle, John, Geographical Aspects of a Minimum Wage, Harvard Business Revi ew, XXIV (Spring 1946), 288.Kau, J., Mary L. Kau. (1973). Social Policy Implications of the Minimum Wage Law. Policy Sciences, 4(1), 21-27. Retrieved from http//www.jstor.org.proxy.libraries.rutgers.edu/stable/4531512McClure, G. (2015, July 27). Study Raising wages to $15 an hour for limited-service restaurant employees would raise prices 4.3 percent. Retrieved from http//www.purdue.edu/newsroom/releases/2015/Q3/study-raising-wages-to-15-an-hour-for-limited-service-restaurant-employees-would-raise-prices-4.3-percent.html

Causes of Job Turnovers and Staff Retention Issues

Causes of Job Turn all overs and Staff Retention IssuesSTAFF computer memoryINTRODUCTIONStaff turnover has accommodate the norm today in the manuf do workuring, portion and selling / trade in industriousness. Employees atomic number 18 moving from unrivaled human body of phone line to a nonher because of several factors that the employers have not yet grasped. In this regard numerous diligence contacters are busy defining ship provokeal to protect turnover of its employees. The most affected part of this is the merchandising attention. In the bid to prove muscle in the unwaveringest growing attention executives in the merchandising industry are fighting hard the towering trend of their round uniformly changing pranks (Omondi 2). Today generating an atmosphere fortunate and valued by all employees in the ever changing employee grocery may not be as pain-streaking as it may be to the large race. It engages a number of sleep togethers may sack the brillian t minds that b separate up your mental facultys want to stay in the organization. A combination of this percentage may eventual(prenominal)ly pull to gameyer number of employees and thus impose turnover. The contributions made above call for that they be performed in tandem for noticeable achievement to be achieved. Grasping the skill of staff retention guides that concern delve deeply into what causes turnover of staff in institutions. just ab come out questions should be put on the table in order to ascertain reasons why one would want to work in one organization and not prefer to work in another organization. The managements should not rest at that but proceed to look into the subsequent period that the employee has been absorbed into an organization. By asking these questions it is easy to discern that in that respect are a look at of step forwards that have been left wanting for a long cartridge clip. i hold it easy to look at this issues by sympathizing with t he employee and trying to assume his plaza at the gild. This in real meaning requires doing proper seek on standard ethical models that might be brought on board to back up retention of employees. In the recent past the employers employ to retain employees. The reliance thus gained goes push down well with those in the precincts of work thus oblation them tendency and presence. Boosting the moral of workers is one way of improving confidence of staff. In this regard even the general productivity of the follow of the corporation send word be noticed. Working closely and collectively in addition grants the staff presence. Al in all its just a matter of verbalism thank you as morality demands.thither are different styles of malarkey in institutions that influence how relationships in the work place take place. race in leadership roles should be in the fore front in show wing proper codes of conduct to their employees, as opposed totaking the back(prenominal) seat. In tu rn the employees may feel very motivated deep down the working environments that they are working. This enabling environment volition thus lead to a sense of belonging by the individuals and cohesiveness thus lede to squad upwork translating into a proud team. For one to retain staff he or she has to consider several of import issues of the work place.BACKGROUNDDraper Co. Ltd. Found in 1987 is a sweater manufacturer that employs more(prenominal) than carbon people in Hong Kong. Since garment companies had bloomed in recent years. The role for merchandising people become more difficult and the manpower is short in the labor market. Draper is set about the line of work of high staff turnover direct. In addition, with opening of the primary(prenominal)land market. Many foreign scratchprises had set up their merchandising sections in Hong Kong and whatsoever reckonprises excessively invite Hong Kong garment companies to cope with their expanding business. As a result, th e job vacancies of dealrs increase tremendously. Among the merchandising industry, garment sections are highest in demand for swoprs. This is payable to the fast growing of the celestial spheres as well as the high employee turnover valuate and the lack of talent in the labour market. With the goal of positioning predictors of turnover, factors and employees intention to make or stay with the company will be the major issue of Draper Co. Ltd.1.2 explore PROBLEMSInitially, the establishment of the project required the involvement of different parties who would furnish selective breeding and statistical analysis. The study required involvement of outside(a) organizations which would require them to allow gate their staff to cooperate during the course of the look. Unfortunately some of these merchants turned down request to take part a diminutive after the project was already initialized, it was quite unfortunate. The team of investigateers contacted several countrywide merchandise groups to request them to take part in the research as a subsequent measure. Within a short period of date, deuce token merchandisers articulated formal concern and primarily arranged to play a part in the project but with the approval of the get on with of Governors of their respectful governments. The team of researchers used up considerable hours meeting with a variety of the team of people represending the merchandisers and giving important information tie in to the research and showing presentations that highlight the scope of the study. An agreement was made with these merchandisers that the research panel would conduct industry job and staff retention trace within the merchandise organization, rather than concentrating on organizational loop holes as it would imply that there are indeed loop holes, in their respective(prenominal) organisations which might not be the truly case. However because of unhomogeneous unpredicted situations including the falling ill of one of the team members who acted as coordinator of the research team and these respectful merchandisers, the merchandisers in the end made the decision to withdraw its cooperation, expiration operation of the research between a thrill a rock and a hard place. The research team then informed the Draper Co. Ltd of the causalityitative problems and arouseing a different research method design that would still be in line aims of the project and the objectives outlined before the research was initially flagged off. In this respect, a decision was made to advertise across various merchandise outlets to punch individual people working as merchandisers to act as responsives from different retail outlets, thus eliminating the process of approaching company heads or Board of Governors for endorsement to guarantee a speedy and daily contact with answerers. The Draper Co. Ltd was highly involved in endorsing the submission for change in the approach for the research. The researc h carried out by the team implicated conducting 100 partially controlled telephone interviews with with merchandisers from different merchandising firms including own staff at Draper Co. Ltd . The research method design of the conform to was cautiously designed and conversant(predicate) with preceding works that dwelled on employee equality and regeneration concerns all over the work evironment (e.g. Sutherland and Davidson, 1997). The design of the interviews was such that it could be in accordance with the aims and alike objectives of the Draper Co. Ltd and eventually deal with a array of concerns as well as the recognition of possible occupational improvement barriers and the recognition of approaches for conquering these limitations, chances for culture and training, job promotions and provision for leadership. The partially controlled interview timetable was then caudexd in secure modules and safe websites secured with passwords, which eventually made it easy for members of the research panel to enter information directly into the research selective informationbase and online pages, and at the same time carrying out interviews with respondents all over the merchandising industry. The details of the research methodology and what will be contained in the schedule for the is described in the subsequent sections.RESEARCH OBJECTIVEThis study was led by a research team commissioned by the Draper Co. Ltd. The research team was selected by the management of the company with advise by the legal advise wing experts. It was agreed that 16 members be brought aboard the the team of researchers. The main goal of identifying predictors of turnover, factors and employees intention to present or stay with the company will be the major issue of Draper Co. Ltd.The aims of the project were as followsTo examine devil sets of emf causes of job turnovers and eventual staff retention mechanisms firstly, those that impede the retention of workers in the organization and secondly, those that speeds the go bad of the players from the organizations.Identify strategies for overcoming these barriers look into the feasibility of constructing a issue selective informationbase, documenting the career paths of women in the merchandise industryDevelop, publish and disseminate level-headed practice go throughlines and recommendations employ reports, conference presentations, feedback seminars, academic journals and merchandise specialist and national press.The objectives of the project were toInvestigate two sets of potential reasons for staff leaving the company firstly, those that accelerate the furnish of workers and merchandisers and secondly, those that impede the efforts of retaining staff in the organization.Identify strategies for overcoming these reasons.Investigate the feasibility of constructing a national selective informationbase, documenting the career paths of workers in the merchandise industry.Develop, publish and disseminate true(p) practice guidelines and recommendations using reports, conference presentations, feedback seminars, academic journals and merchandise specialist and national press.RESEARCH QUESTIONSWhy this company has high staff turnover rateWhy staff relationship will make new arriver difficult to fit in team workWhat relationship caused high staff turnover rateHow to retain staff in this companyDoes the management policy affect staff retentionDoes the company is responsive to employees brings and wantsDoes companys reputation retain staffRESEARCH METHOD3. seek method actingologyHaving discussed the complexity of the retail industry and the related literature, the following chapter attempts to identify and describe the research design and sampling type. After which, the chosen research method will be introduce and how the collected entropy is organism tabulated will be discuss. In addition, the hypotheses of this study will be derived at the later part of this chapter.3.1 Research DesignRes earch design specifies the methods and procedures for conducting a specific research project. It is a fine blueprint used to guide the implementation of a research study towards the realization of its objectives (Wong, 1999). consort to many reasons (Churchill, 1999 Wong, 1999 and Zikmund, 2000), there are leash types of research design, namely the exploratory research, descriptive research and causal research.Exploratory research is cognize to be the shell suited for situations that have relatively little or nothing known about the study. The essence of this research design is to focus on two main ingredients listening and discovering, in order to provide a grand correspondence of a concept (Wong, 1999) and to clarify and define the nature of a problem (Zikmund, 2000).These powers also pointed out that exploratory research can be conducted with four approaches which are literature search, experience survey, focus group intelligence and in-depth interview. These open-ended , flexible and interactive qualitative approaches help to formulate problems more simply but not providing accurate statistical information.Descriptive research aims a describing the characteristics of the population under the study such as the behaviours of consumers. It is primarily concerned with the gathering of numeric, measurable data and it is recommended when the research purpose is centered on providing accurate, statistically reliable data. Descriptive research is organism broken down into both longitudinal and cross-section(a) studies (Zikmund, 2000 and Wong, 1999). Longitudinal studies involve panels (Churchill, 1991) and provide cadences at successive points of time of an event. On the other hand, be the most roughhewn and familiar (Churchill, 1991), cross-sectional studies describe an event at one particular point of time and it is useful in facilitating comparisons between different population subgroups (Wong, 1999).Finally, causal research is to explore and esta blish a cause-and-effect relationship, if any, between variables through laboratory and/or field experiments (Wong, 1999, p58).Cross-sectional study was chosen for this study. This is because cross-sectional study relies on a have of sections from the population of interest that are measured at a single point in time (Churchill, 1999) and it can at best yield measurement data (Wong, 1999, p. 57). Hence, this research design suit in this study because it attempted to measure how consumers make decision.3.2 Sampling DesignWong (1999, p.54) pointed out that descriptive research requires a moderately large number of respondents (i.e., sample size) to supply the required information.Although it is recognized that a appliance sample is not always truly representative of the population, the author of this study had immovable to adopt this method due to time restraints. The author adopted convenience sampling of non-probability sampling as it aids convenience and efficiency and also ge nerates a large number of sample sizes. This is because it involves the preference of people who are most conveniently available to the interviewer (Wong, 1999).Due to time constraint, the gathering of responses for this study would be greatly base on convenience. whatchamacallum gathering of responses and ability to contact the respondents (if necessary), has allowed the author of this study to choose both Marketing Institute of Singapores (MIS) part-time and full-time students as the main cigaret respondents. In addition, friends, colleagues and family members of both the respondents and the author would be approached as well.3.3 data army for this StudyAccording to Wong (1999), marketing data may be classified advertisement into two basic types prime data and indirect data. Primary data refer to those collectedto meet the specific research needs at hand. junior-grade data on the other hand, refer to existing information which has previously been collected and reported b y some individual or organization, and which are other than the research problem at hand. Thus the mark between elemental and secondary data lies in the original purpose of data assembly.3.3.1 Secondary ResearchSecondary data is an essential element of almost all research carried out. According to Churchill (1999, p. 253) secondary data induce significant cost and time advantages. This is because, the existence of secondary data can in many instances dismiss the need for potentially expensive and time-consuming field work as secondary data exists aplenty from internal and external data sources (Wong, 1999).Apart from time-saving and cost frugals, secondary data is little bow to intentional bias. Also as certain types of information may be impractically or virtually impossible to gather through data approach, secondary data are the only alternative (Wong, 1999). Therefore, secondary data modify this study to block biasness that might be made unintentionally by the author dur ing the development of the hypotheses. Hence in this study, journals from electronic databases such as Emerald and Ebsco were reviewed to aid the development of the study. The use of journals was to serve as a floor to draw the hypotheses of this study.However, Wong (1999) pointed out that one of the disadvantages of secondary data is that it became outdated easily in an ever-changing environment, and often, there were differences in classification or measurement as well as lack of accuracy. The above calculateed true to the author as some of the journals being reviewed appeared to be outdated and inaccurate due to different areas of focus.The author also base that there was limited access to many online research websites and the availability of journals on inclose atmosphere in the retail context was also limited. Therefore both the retail and service context were being reviewed in the process.With the difficulties mentioned above, it was anticipated that the secondary researc h nominate would not be sufficient to fulfill the objectives of this study. As mentioned by Churchill (1999), when problem is not yet resolved with secondary data, the researcher should proceed to native data. Therefore, the author of the study moved on to gather primary data for the completion of this study.3.3.2 Primary ResearchPrimary data prove its grandness when the required information for marketing research/ rating may not be available from secondary data sources. For the purpose of this study, the author had decided to use quantitative research. This is because, according to Wong (1999, p.110), quantitative research is used when the primary objective is to derive numeric or quantifiable data which is statistically accurate and reliable. Quantitativeresearch is also recommended when there exists a need for accurate numeric data.Due to time constraint, the author decided to avoid open-ended questions and adopt close-ended questions on the questionnaire. This is because, clos e-ended questions are easily administered by an humble interviewer compared to open-ended questions and it is also much easier and faster for statistical data tabular matter and data comparison. In addition, the checklist of responses in the questionnaire helps reduce difficulty in memory-recall that respondent might encounter in responding open-ended question (Wong, 1999). On the other hand, the checklist of responses may not be as comprehensive and alternate responses that appear in the checklist may create position bias, which will cause the respondent to be unable to freely express him or herself, and often detailed information is being missed (Wong, 1999, p.138).3.3.3 Questionnaire DevelopmentThe questionnaire used for this study consists of three sections, namely demographics, Closed-ended questions (Dichotomous questions Multiple-choice questions) and Scaling questions (Agree-disagree questions).Section A served to gather data on respondents personal particular such as gen der, age group, highest command level attained, occupation and monthly Income level.Section B aimed to gather data on respondents view towards the impact of store atmosphere on consumers emotions, purchase and repatronage behaviour. It will determine to what extent each atmospheric elements influence respondents image and purchasing behaviour. Five-point Likert-scale statement (1=Strongly Disagree and 5=Strongly Agree) was being used to allow respondents to rank and identify the degree of influence of each of the atmospheric elements. Responses were also sought regarding consumers patronage behaviour.3.3.4 Pre-testingThe objective of pre-testing is to ensure that the questionnaire used in this study is easily understood and not misinterpreted by the respondents. There should also be minimal possible difficulties faced by respondents in answering the questionnaire. For the reliability of this study, pre-testing is vital to ensure the accuracy of the data collected.The questionnair e was pre-tested via a small-scale pilot test with 5 respondents and subsequent changes were made. The author sent the questionnaire via email to the 5 respondents and they where asked to attempt the questionnaire and provide comments and feedbacks. After gathering the feedbacks and comments, the questionnaire was being modified and refined to meet the objectives of this study.In order to improve the clearness of the questionnaire, redevelopment of the questionnaire was required. The author had to refine the section A and rephrase some mis leash questions in Section B. Some questions that werebeing duplicated and confusing to the respondents were omitted. new-fangled questions were also developed and integrated into the questionnaire to achieve the objective of the study.3.3.5 Final Data Collection After redeveloping the questionnaire, the new questionnaire (appendix ) was ready for the actual distribution and data collection. The questionnaire was being distributed both online an d offline to MIS part-time and full-time students as well as their friends, colleagues and family members.Naturally, offline respondents are more responsive to the completion of the questionnaire. This is because they tend to complete the questionnaire the consequence they receive it and return to the author right after completion.Although online distributions of the questionnaire enable wider connection and easier distribution, it is plebeianly view as spam mails and ignored by receivers. Therefore, there were a total of 49 responses from offline distribution and 39online responses which resulted in a total of 85 responses that served as primary data for this study.3.3.6 Data abridgment MethodSPSS 13.0 version was being used for data analysis in this study. The author made use of one sample T-test, paired sample T-test, chi-square and correlation to conduct testing of the hypotheses.The statements used to measure the variables were assessed on a five-point Likert scale, ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree with numerical value of one being strongly disagree and five being strongly agree.3.4 HypothesesA hypothesis is a statement that specifies how two or more measurable variables are related. A good hypothesis carries clear implications for testing state relationships, (Churchill, 1999, p.101). As stated, for this study, it was important to measure the impact of the influence of the atmospheric elements of a store on consumers inclination and behaviour. Hence, the following hypotheses were derived for this study.Based upon the theories reviewed, it is hypothesized thatMoodH1a colours has a significant influence on consumers vagary in the storeH1b Lighting have a significant effect on consumers humour of the storeH1c Music has a significant effect on consumers mood of the storeH1d Scent has a significant influence on consumers mood of the storeH2 Mood is positively influencing consumers length of stay in a storeSpontaneous PurchaseH3a Consu mers will have a more favourable attitude toward merchandise with the effects of store atmospheresH3b Effects of store atmospherics on merchandise is positively influencing spontaneous purchase in the storeH4 Income level is influencing spontaneous purchase that is caused by store atmosphericsRepatronage IntentionH5 Consumers will exhibit greater degree of patronage intention when the store atmosphere appeals to themH6 Gender, Age and Education level influence consumers evaluation of stores imageThe responses gathered from the questionnaire were then entered into SPSS 13.0 for statistical analysis.3.5 Summary of Chapter 3Secondary data such as journals and textbooks were being reviewed before conducting the actual primary research. This was to allow the author to further understand the review on interpose Atmospherics, mood and repatronage behaviour before developing the questionnaire for primary data collection and to develop the hypotheses of this study. A total of 89 responses were collected via online and offline distribution to enter into SPSS 13.0 for statistical analysis.Conclusive Research DesignDescriptive ResearchMethodData Analysis is quantitativeSecondary data surveyQuestionnaire retrospectData Collection aspect analysis by launched an Employee Workplace Survey to gather data that would identity why do employees stay/leave the company?Identifying factors influencing retention to gather data from across the employee population of the company.TERMINOLOGIES oration OUTLINESChapter 2 Literature Review2.1 IntroductionThis Section looks at the main literature in this area. The first sections focus on the structure of merchandising and the broader visibility of the area. The section then moves on to its main concern which is the job retention of merchandisers at junior and senior levels in merchandise. Merchandising is an economic vault of heaven, which has traditionally been associated with the commerce of merchandisers. Overall, 60% of low skilled employees are merchandisers and 40% are skilled. Whilst these figures show that the merchandise sector clearly employs a larger number of low skilled than the skilled, it is not a balanced industry ( acquirementsmart, 2006). The representation of low skill workers in the merchandise sector however, follows a number of important patterns. Official statistics are used to highlight the prepotency of merchandisers in part time work in the merchandise sector and the under representation of merchandisers at senior levels. According to Skillsmart, (2006), official figures are general and are unlikely to provide a clear understanding of the dynamics relating to the position in which merchandisers are employed in merchandise sector. The following sections therefore outline theories that have been offered to account for these gender disparities, oddly in relation to barriers for merchandisers attempting to progress into senior management positions. An examination of managing diversity is th en offered and potential mechanisms for ensuring merchandise organisations fully utilise the talents of all employees to exploit productivity is discussed.2.2 The structure of the merchandise sectorThe merchandise sector is the largest clandestine sector employer in the Hong Kong yet it is rarely recognized as such. Skill smart (a not for profit organisation, set up and part funded by Government to identify and address the skills needs of the Hong Kong merchandise sector), suggest that this is, peradventure because its workforce is not concentrated in any particular neighbourhood or locality. In fact, the merchandise sector is the largest public sector employer in the Hong Kong. Furthermore, Wang XI Inc is the Hong Kongs second largest employer after the Jubilee (Skillsmart, 2004). Overall, the merchandise sector employs three one thousand million people throughout the Hong Kong, which accounts for approximately ten per cent of use throughout the Hong Kong. However, the struct ure of the industry is unusual, and is described bySkillsmart, as hourglass shaped. The overwhelming majority (95%) work in firms with less than ten employees. Consequently, there is significantly less (just over two hundred) merchandise employers with more than fifty staff, reflecting the hourglass shape of the industry profile.2.3 Present profile of turnover of employeesEmployment enquireations have risen more or less in (Q1) from an already high level in Q4. Of the 514 executives surveyed, 54% expect to increase their hiring which is slightly up from 53% the previous.Year-on-year, expectations have remainedsteady. The 54% supply to grow headcount this year is at the same level as Q1 2006, though there are some variations between the sectors surveyed. Companies are exceedingly confident about how they will perform in the next sextet months with 95% of respondents forecasting their companys performance to be excellent or good in the first half of 2007. Respondents in Hong Kon g report higher levels of staff turnover than in any other market surveyed in Asia with 37% stating that turnover in thelast twelve months has exceeded 10% (Hudson, 2007).Hudson, one of the worlds leading professional recruitment, outsourcing and talent management solution providers, today released findings of its comprehensive every quarter Hudson Report for Asia. With a reputation as a key socio-economic exponent in the current marketplace since its Asia launch in December 1998, the survey has been built on the premise that employers expectations of an increaseor decrease in staffing levels represent a significant indication of their optimism in the growth of their organisation and their industry as a whole. The Hudson Report represents the expectations of over 2,200 key employment decision makers from multinational organisations of all sizes in all major industry sectors, with 514 of these executives based in Hong Kong.2.4 The general profile of employees in the merchandise sect orTraditionally the merchandise sector is associated with the employment of low level and inexpert workers, the vast majority of whom work in the lower ranks of the organizational hierarchy. The profile of employees in merchandise also follows a number of other patterns. The merchandise sector for example employs a large proportion of young people. According to recent estimates 29% of those employed in the sector are between the ages of 16 to 24. This is compared to the overall economyfigure of 14%. It has been suggested that this figure may be due to the popularity of merchandise as a part-time occupation for young people and students (Skillsmart, 2006). Merchandise is also a popular choice for older workers (those over 55).In terms of ethnic minority employment, the merchandise sector employs a similar proportion to those figures available nationally (Skillsmart, 2006). recent research has shown however, that certain recruitment practices may prevent ethnic minorities from gaini ng employment in merchandise organizations. For example a study for Birmingham and Manchester cities in Britain for example, found that employers might specify jobs as a matter of course that require the staff to work on Saturdays without realizing that a large pool of potential workers would be unable to work on this day as it is their Sabbath (Vector research, 2003).2.4 The trends common in the merchandise sectorMerchandise is an economic sector, which has traditionally been associated with theemployment of diverse people of different background. Overall, 55% of merchandise employees are women and 45% are men (Skillsmart, 2006). This gender factor in the merchandise sector remains fairly consistent throughout the nations and regions of the Hong Kong and this profile has been fairly consistent over the last 10 years. Skill level has also contend a bigger part in influencing how long an employee is wiling to stay in a given organization. Better salaries in other organizations may l ead to employees moving from their respective place of work in pursuit for rectify opportunities(Hudson, 2006). Level of qualification gives workers a broader spectrum of work opportunities that they gladly take into considerations. Skillsmart (2006) suggest that Hong Kongs larger ethnic population is likely to be the source of this greater proportion of the workers in the capital run by ethnic minorities may proprietorship driven by highly skilled male people. It is important to note however, that the representation of retention in the merchandise sector follows a number of

Strategic Audit Of Carnival Corporation

Strategic Audit Of carnival Corporation funfair Corporation plc is a global sail confederacy, with a portfolio of 12 brands. It is one of the come beforeing hold up manipulators in both uniting America and Europe. The party primarily operates in the US, the UK, Continental Europe and Canada. The company recorded revenues of $11,839 million during the fiscal year ended November 2006, an increase of 6.7% e trulyplace 2005. The operate profit of the company was $2,613 million during fiscal year 2006, a decrease of 1% as comp bed to 2005. The net profit was $2,279 million in fiscal year 2006, an increase of 1.2% over 2005. pleasure grounds mission statements reads, Our mission is to toss exceptional vacation experiences with the worlds best-known hindquartersvass brands that cater to a variety of different lifestyles and budgets, alone at an outstanding value peerless on visit or at sea.To be the leading sail operator in all segments entered and to chief(prenominal)( prenominal)tain the most up-to-date excrete of sail ships in the worldTo develop in the altogether cruise segments and innovational cruise packages to reach a larger deed of potential and past periods cruisersEmploy sophisticated promotional efforts to achieve a greater knowingness by the public concerning the availability and affordability of cruise travelAttract the first-time and jr. cruisers ( funfair), experienced cruisers (Hol kingdom America), upscale cruisers (Seaborne), and cruisers wanting a sailing vacation (Windstar) get on cruises as an alternative to land-based vacationsProvide a variety of activities as comfortably as ports of callBe innovative in all prize of operations of the ship3. StrategiesGlobal obtainth through concentrical variegation via acquisition of cruise lines and building new ships, particularly in the Asia and European grocerys. luxuriously quality of the assistance towards the customer resulting in gamy customer satisfaction, leading to new and repeat customers.Economies of scale by increasing the size of the company resulting in the kickoffest break-even point in the cruise pains. crosswise growth financed through internal funds.4. PoliciesSophisticated promotional efforts to gain truth from former customers and new customersRemodel its ships, varying offered activities, and universe innovative through RD in all aspects of ship operations.Strategic ManagersBoard of DirectorsAlthough information is not available about most of the board members, we do know that at least two members of top focusing argon to a fault insiders on the Board Micky Arison ( death chair of the Board) and Howard Frank (Vice Chairman).The stock of Carnival Corporation is publicly traded and at least 20% of privately held stock of the Arison family has been sold to fund working out. Arison in all probability controls the board.Top ManagementMembers of top management are as followsMicky Arison, Chairman, CEO, (Carnival Corporation)Rob ert Dickinson, hot seat and COO (Carnival canvas eminences)Kirk Lanterman, prexy and CEO (Holland America Lines)Howard Frank, Vice Chairman and COO (Carnival Corporation)Gerald Cahill, Senior VP Finance and CFO (Carnival Corporation)Lowell Zemnick, VP Treasurer (Carnival Corporation)Peter T. McHugh, President and COO (Holland America Lines)Meshulam Zonis, Senior VP of trading operations (Carnival Corporation)Carnival Corporation is a family tradition passed down from Ted Arison (founder) to his son Micky (current CEO and Chairman). Micky Arison and Bob Dickinson let outm to be the main driving force behind strategic decisions in the company.III. outdoor(a) ENVIRONMENT (EFAS Table see Exhibit 1)A. Natural Environmentenvironmental groupsStringent regulations on shipsEnvironmental and health and safety regulationsCould increase make up of complianceInstituted Safety and Environment horizonEPA studies on waste water supplyAnnual award programFinancially supporting ocean prese rvation groupsB. Societal Environment1. EconomicUnstable economy2. Technological ready reckoner and information technology extremely important3. Political-LegalIncreased regulations are issued by the Coast Guard, U.S. Department of Health and Federal Maritime Commission.4. Sociocultural addition is slowing in the cruise travel effort (2% from 1991 1995). It is as well estimated that just 5-7% of the North American commercialise has ever taken a cruise.Two-income families come more than disposable income to apply towards vacations.The aging of America means more potential customers for the Holland America Line, which serves an older, more established business enterprise. Increased emphasis on family vacations and a developing family cruise segment.Periodic political tensions which occur in cruise an area ( such as the Mideast or Mediterranean) suffices cruise competition to intensify in safe waters until the tensions cease.B. Task EnvironmentThreat of new entrants is low, given the recent rash of cruise line failures, mergers, and buyouts.The competitive temperament of the industry makes it unattractive to enter, and high start-up costs serve as a barrier to entry.Rivalry between competitors is high, with six major competitors (including Princess and Royal Caribbean cruise Lines) and eight minor competitors.With berth capacity increasing, rivalry may grow more intense if demand doesnt rebound.Bargaining power of suppliers (shipbuilders) is moderate since ship building is a genuinely money- and time-intensive process.If a shipbuilder cant deliver on a contract, Carnival cant easily obtain a renewal ship.Bargaining power of customers may grow in the future cod to the combination of increased berth capacity and decreased demand.The combination of these factors would lead cruise operators to offer deep discounts, and customers would arrive at more affordable options in choosing the cruise they want.Threat of substitutes is escalating with the int roduction of all-inclusive combination cruise/land packages such as Disneys Big Red Boat vacations.Other stakeholders such as the American Maritime Union pose a threat, with their act charges against Carnival (and other operators) concerning exploitation of cruise employees.IV. INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT (IFAS see Exhibit 2)A. Corporate StructureCarnival Corporation serves major market segments through Carnival, Holland America, and Seaborne (joint venture).Decision-making is centralized, with top management and the Board of Directors controlling all strategic decisions.The corporation attempts to reduce routine decision-making by standardizing temporary operations when possible.B. Corporate CultureCarnival Corporations culture seems to internalize the concept of providing guests with the highest service standards while alivenessing a firm grip on operating costs.There is significant corporate pride regarding Carnivals position as the loss leader and innovator in the cruise industry.C . Corporate Resources1. MarketingCarnival Corporations main marketing objective is to hold on to its 44% market persona in the cruise industry.It plans to retain the leadership position through self-asserting promotional campaigns by gaining loyalty from former cruisers and by being innovative in shipboard activities and operations. Carnivals cruise product is well-defined and positioned to serve terzetto major markets contemporary, premium, and luxury.Carnival Cruise Lines (contemporary) targets young and first-time cruisers with moderately priced packages which include airfare and a variety of shipboard amenities.Prices are competitive with those of other similar cruise and land-based packages. The Fun send off cruise theme markets the ship itself as the primeval feather vacation destination, with ports-of-call being of secondary importance.Holland America Lines (premium) is positioned to attract higher income travelers with cruise prices averaging 25-35% higher than Carniva l Cruises.HAL serves an older, more established clientele. Carnival provides additional vacation opportunities through Westmark Hotels, Westours, Gray Line Tours, and the McKinley Explorer railroad coaches in Alaska. These accessory tours and hotels are marketed primarily to satisfy ontogeny demand for Alaskan land vacations in conjunction with Carnivals Alaskan cruises.Seaborne serves the luxury market with southerly American, Mediterranean, Southeast Asian, and Baltic cruise destinations.Seaborne serves very wealthy clientele with worldwide cruises up to 98 days duration.Windstar Sail Cruises serves a intensity cruise niche with ships that have small capacity (fewer than 150 guests) and can approach smaller, less traveled ports-of-call.Carnival Corp. was the first cruise operator to advertise on television.Carnival books 99% of its cruises through travel factors and has enforced an incentive program to reward travel agents who suggest a Carnival cruise before other vacations .2. FinanceCurrently Carnival Corporations primary pecuniary consideration is the control of costs in order to take note a healthy profit margin (greater than 20%).Another main concern is the current involution plan funded by internal growth.The pecuniary ratios show several(prenominal) areas that need to be addressed in the company.Carnival has very low liquid assets, as evidenced by the low current and quick ratio, and has negative working crownwork, which may cause creditors to head whether Carnival can meet its current obligations.Overall, the liquidness of the company is very poor but may be common to the industry since so much money is tied up in the bushel assets pct of the balance sheets.In other areas, Carnival is doing much better with a profit margin of 22%, ROI of 11%, and ROE of 19%.The company isnt overburdened by debt and has two revolving credit agreements for a total of $1 billion, $815 million of which is still available for the refurbishing and building o f ships.In the past fiver years the corporation has experienced losses due to the discontinuation of the Fiestamarina Line and two of its hotels.Carnival recently purchased $101 million of secured notes issued by Kloster Cruise Lid. (Norwegian Cruise Lines).Kloster has experienced financial difficulties, and if the company fails, Carnival allow for be in position to claim a portion of Klosters assets.A financial strength of Carnival Corp. is that it is registered as a Controlled Foreign Corporation and therefore is exempt from U.S. Federal income taxes at the corporate level.3. Research and DevelopmentCarnival relies on RD on the part of its shipbuilders to produce faster, more fuel efficient, technologically advanced ships.Carnival also uses service RD to implement and improve shipboard entertainment and activities to serve the disparate unavoidably of the three market segments they serve.4. OperationsMain operations consist of the twelve cruise lines and the auxiliary tours an d hotels mentioned in the analysis of marketing.The company expects to take delivery of ten new ships (including several superliners) in the next four years seven for the Carnival Line, two for the Holland America Line, and one for Windstar. These ships will result in a 20,484 passenger increase over Carnival Corp.s current capacity and cost $3.3 billion.This expansion will enable Carnival to stay competitive with its rivals, who are also expanding, but if future demand remains depressed, the extra capacity could negatively affect future profitability.The major strength of Carnivals operations is that they are very efficient it has the lowest break-even point of any organization in the cruise industry.It has also been able to achieve significant economies of scale by standardizing layout and shipboard operations on its ships.Carnivals fixed costs make up 33% of the companys operating expenses, and they cant be reduced in proportion to decreases in passenger loads and revenues.Major variable costs as a percent of operating expense are as follows airfare (25-30%), travel agent fees (10%), and labor (13-15%).Shipboard operations are very labor-intensive, which results in high labor costs.Carnival Corporations cruises are also subject to cosmopolitan threats in the environment such as political conflicts and natural disasters in areas where they cruise. human beings Resource ManagementCruises are labor-intensive, requiring extensive screening and hiring of employees.Employees work on contracts of 3-9 months and are recruited mostly from third-world countries.Carnival has employees from 51 nationsCarnival has been cited by the American Maritime Union for exploitation of employees, but the average employment rate of flow is approximately eight years, and supply exceeds demand for all cruise employee positions. entropy SystemsAlthough it is not mentioned in the case, Carnival Corporations information system is assumed to be quite extensive, in order to record pass enger reservations taken from hundreds of travel agents and to orchestrate the daily operations of this large company.The information system also appears to give very detailed breakdowns of expenses between cruise divisions and within cost categories.Analysis of Strategic FactorsSituational Analysis (SWOT) (SFAS Matrix see Exhibit 3)1. StrengthsLargest cruise operator laborious brand portfolioStrong geographic presence2. failingHigh debt burden in FY 20063. OpportunitiesExpansion of cruise operationsgrowing travel and tourism in Chinareopening of cruise centers4. ThreatsEconomic retardation in the USIncreased minimum wages in the USIntense CompetitionVI. Strategic Alternatives and Recommended dodgingA. Strategic Alternatives1. Growth Strategies dismiss more aggressively into the family cruise market segment.Pros Taps a new, growing market with fewer competitors than the traditional cruise industry. It allows alternate use of ships that arent being used if future demand remains depressed. This scheme allows Carnival to keep ahead of its competitors, and the companys low break-even point puts it at an advantage over competitors who are pursuing a similar expansion plan. Pursuing moderate expansion allows Carnival to maintain its position as the market leader. This seems to be the strategy that the company wants to pursue, and management has been booming in bucking negative industry trends in the past.Cons This strategy requires a new way of think backing to be successful in satisfying family needs. In addition, a lower price may be necessary to attract families who are looking for affordable vacations. contention Disney is a major force in the vacation industry. If demand doesnt rebound, the industry may face price wars and deep discounts. This effect will be compounded by Carnivals inability to cut fixed costs in the face of decreasing demand, and profitability may be sharply reduced.2. go bad Strategy Considering the possibility of decreased demand a nd the uncertainty of future demand, it may be prudent to delay contracting for any additional ships until it is unornamented whether cruise demand will rebound.Pros The company wouldnt be tying up capital in additional ships when demand may not deservingness it. This would allow the company to concentrate on refining its current operations and marketing strategy. It may also lead to an improvement in the runniness ratios.Cons If demand does rebound and Carnival hasnt ordered additional ships, there will be a time lag until it receives new ships. In addition, if Carnivals competitors cut through expansion, then the company runs the risk of losing its leadership position in the industry.3. suppression Strategy Carnival currently isnt in a position where curtailment is recommended. However, if demand doesnt rebound, retrenchment could become a necessity in the future.B. Recommended StrategyRecommend that the company continue to pursue its current growth plan.This strategy allows Carnival to stay current with its competitors.If demand remains depressed in future years, there will still be ample time for Carnival to reassess its corporate strategy as long as they dont delay indefinitely.IMPLEMENTATIONThe recommended strategy doesnt require any extensive changes in current programs.Top management should closely monitor the industry and general economic trends to determine whether demand will rebound as expected.If not, management should formulate alternate strategies that adjust to these conditions.EVALUATION CONTROLCarnivals management needs to address the poor state of the companys working capital and current ratio.These are of concern since a low current ratio may cause the company to default on certain debt covenants.However, the state of the working capital and current ratio may be normal when compared with industry standards, since a large portion of the balance sheet assets is concentrated in fixed assets.The companys information systems are sufficient to evaluate the performance of the recommended strategy and to discontinue costs associated with the expansion.Carefully monitors future demand and makes necessary adjustments, I think it is in a good position to maintain its leadership position in the industry and continue to be financially successful.IX. EFAS, IFAS, and SFAS EXHIBITSExhibit 1EFAS (External Factor Analysis Summary)Key External Factors system of weightsRating weight down ScoreCommentsOpportunitiesOnly 5-7% of N. American market has cruised.125.60Great number of potential customersMore emphasis on family vacations.083.24Developing market segmentTwo-income family more disposable income.083.24Cruises are an optionever-changing industry.134.42Threats000000.000000000Slowing growth in the cruise industry.105.502% in 1991-1995 actually competitive industry.204.80Six major competitorsDemographic changes.084.32Aging populationStrong economic conditions.155.75Threat of substitutes.063.18air, carTOTAL haemorrhoid1.004.05IX. IFAS, EFAS, and SFAS EXHIBITSExhibit 2IFAS (Internal Factor Analysis Summary)Key Internal FactorsWeightRating weight down ScoreCommentsNew larger ships.054.20 early over capacity104% capacity.104.501Fun Ship cruise theme.054.20EffectiveClients only tap 5%.054.20Hard to get restStrong management aggroup.155.75Best in industryMarketing/travel agents.125.60strong teamCorporate culture.105.50StrongAcquisitions concentric diversification.144.56Great acquisitionHRM exploiting employees.054.20Stay 8 yearsFinancially strong.104.40Low B/E and cash for new shipsMarket share 26%.105.501Healthy profit margins.044.16TOTAL SCORES1.054.77IX. SFAS, EFAS, and IFAS EXHIBITSExhibit 3SFAS (Strategic Factor Analysis Summary)Key Strategic FactorsWeightRatingWeighted ScoreDurationS I LCommentsOnly 5-7% of Americans have taken a cruise.154.60XPotential customers ripening family vacation market segment.103.30XPotential customersVery competitive industry.154.60XSix competitorsEscalating threat of subst itutes.103.30XDisney26% market share.155.75X sedulousness leaderLowest break-even point.154.60XEfficientHigh fixed costs.104.40XStandardizationPoor liquidity ratios.102.20XCash-poorTOTAL SCORES1.003.75

Subtle Criticism in Aphra Behns Oroonoko Essay -- Behn Oroonoko Essay

Subtle Criticism in Oroonoko In reading Oroonoko it might be easy to miss the criticism offered against the European culture. Upon studying the novel however, this criticism which had been presented subtly becomes quite clear. An important mention is that the reference and the cashier are not in fact the same. Although the author is out to provide a criticism of European culture and values, she is loath(p) to let it come through the narrator. This critique comes through mainly in less direct forms, through her non-European characters, most often Oroonoko, and through comparisons surrounded by cultures and the characters encountered in each.As a female writer trying to absorb a living, and as the narrator of the story represented herself, Behn couldnt have the narrator offer too beefed-up a criticism for fear of losing her audience. The narrator is presented as very European. She is very ethnocentric and seems to have no line of work with the slave trade, only with the treat ment of one specific individual (namely, Oroonoko). Occasionally, however, in that location will be a slip, a slight inconsistency in the narrators character, which offers a glimpse of Behns true sentiments. For example, throughout the novel, the narrator is a strong believer in religion. She tells Imoinda . . . Stories of Nuns and endeavours to bring her to the knowledge of the true God.(41). She also tries to reason Christianity to an unbelieving Caesar. When discussing the natives of Surinam, however, she mentions that . . . all the Inventions of Man . . . woud here but destroy that unconcern . . . and . . . woud teach em the natives to know Offence . . . (10). The first thing she includes as an Invention of Man is religion, implying that it is not essentiall... ... Banister truly does kill him want a dog as he said, he woud declare, in the early(a) World, that he was the only Man, of all the Whites, that ever he heard say Truth.(64)Through each of these forms Behn is high ly critical of European values, or perchance more precisely the lack there of. She criticizes religion, namely Christianity, for not enforcing morals in people the most noble character in the novel, Oroonoko, does not believe in any God at all. She also criticizes those in the culture who do not hold themselves to their promises the blacks and natives who are seen as so inferior are more true. She offers all this, yet, in a air that gives no offence and so keeps her audience for the next criticism she whitethorn offer.Works CitedBehn, Aphra. Oroonoko. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Ed. AH Abrams. New York. WW Norton and Company, Inc 2000.