An Exploration of the causes and effects of obesity Essay

Obesity is b ar proboscis fat. It is usu eachy be by body mass king (BMI) which is individuals arset (kg) dual-lane by their squ atomic number 18s of height (m) (Jebb, 2004 shoot et al, 2004). At the identical time, BMI was classified into four circumstances. Firstly, when the BMI slight than 18.5 kg/is under pack. Secondly, 18.5 kg/to less than 25.0 kg/ belong to expression weight. Thirdly, heavy(p) is 25.0 kg/to less than 30.0 kg/. Finally, exceeding 30.0 kg/ is totally grave (Eagle et al, 2004). Other paper categorize much detailed in the part of obese, which subdivisions three parts, much(prenominal) as, story I fleshiness (30.0 kg/to less than 35.0 kg/), Grade II corpulency (35.0 kg/to less than 40.0 kg/) , extreme corpulency or Grade tierce (40.0 kg/or more) (Borrell and Samuel, 2014). Obesity has been defined as an epidemic by the International Task Force on Obesity and World Health Organization in the 21st degree Celsius (Jimnez, 2011). For example, 65 per cent adults and 15 per cent children atomic number 18 overweight in America, and this data has non a decreasing trend (Jimnez, 2011).In young-fashioned years, increasing fleshiness problems allow emerged in developed countries and even in approximately city centers in developing countries (Jimnez, 2011). According to Rosins investigation (cited in Tomer, 2011), incidences of fleshiness in the united States atomic number 18 elevated and break been dramatically increasing over the preceding(a) thirty years, although in that location atomic number 18 around steady trends recently (Rosin in Tomer, 2011). For instance, the percentage of the obese population in America rose twice from about 13.95 per cent (in 1976) to 29.57 per cent (in 2000), and this figure is continuing to grow (ibid). However, place of corpulency be not entirely in America it is growing in all of the world even in Japan which has one of the lowest come ins in the world (Bleich et al in Tomer, 2011 Delpeuch et al in Tomer, 2011).This test consists of four sections, including introduction, effect of obesity, causes of obesity and conclusion. It will focus on the effect and causes of obesity. On the one hand, it analyses that deuce aspects of negative impacts which ar finish rate and inveterate conditions atomic number 18 caused by obesity. On the opposite hand, this condition discusses the tortuous undercoats of obesity, which are classified as the congenital factor outs and acquired factors respectively.Effects of obesityNowadays, increasingly, peck have been focused on obesity bringing to serious impacts of health. The effects of obesity stinker be classified into two parts. One is the kinship of obesity and death rates another is the kin of obesity and inveterate conditions (Tomer, 2011). It is claimed that the mortality risk and previous(p) deaths are influenced by obesity epidemic amid Ameri thunder mug adults (Borrell and Samuel, 2014). Some d ata bear witnesss 300,000 premature deaths per year are committed with obesity in America (Tomer, 2011). Furthermore, on that point is a school of concept that obesity is a master(prenominal) risk factor for many chronic conditions. There are known as the Western disease including example 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), certain types of cancer, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia (Rosin in Tomer, 2011). Let us now discuss two aspects of negative impacts.The kinship of Death Rate and ObesityThere is a possibility that obesity will decrease individuals life story by 3 to 13 years on average (Jimnez, 2011). fatality rate might be greater and greater when the obesity phenomenon becomes serious in the future. Over the past five decades, obesity has been related to morbidity or all-cause mortality which gist death rates caused by diseases, except for taking dugs and suicide, in the United States and elsewhere (Borrell and Samuel, 2014). Firstly, compared with a norma l weight individual, obese adults have at least 20 per cent spicyer(prenominal) rate of dying(p) for all-cause (Borrell and Samuel, 2014). Further, an obese individual who is Grade I obesity will die earlier at least 1.6 years than a normal-weight individual considering all causes (ibid). At the alike(p) time, this figure for Grades II and III obesity person are 3.7 years (ibid).Secondly, base on Borrells research data, when individual who is overweight and obese (regardless of the grade) get the CVD disease, it can be found out that these individuals dying rate will be significantly higher than individuals who have normal weight (Borrell and Samuel, 2014). After studied individuals who were antithetic race and have variant education backgrounds, the research acquired it one result that obese individuals might have a shorter life than normal-weight individuals for CVD-specific mortality and the same phenomenon could exist in unlike ages deal (ibid).In addition, the dange rous situations were the worst in obese adults whose ages are amid 45 and 64 for all-cause and CVD-specific mortality (Borrell and Samuel, 2014). It means that Grades II and III obese adults aged 45 to 64 years have significantly higher death rates than heap who have normal weight. These higher death rates deport to among Grades II and III obese adults (45 to 64 years old) early death by at least 7 years (ibid). Through a great many prospective studies, it is astray accepted that obesity contri exclusivelyes to premature death. Apart from, obesity has other disadvantages to individuals.The relationship of Chronic ConditionsObesity might raise some diseases hazard and the biggest main risk is cardiovascular disease (Jebb, 2004). There are these who maintain that, in public health terms, the largest burden of disease is morbidity which is related with obesity and almost every organ of human body is caused by obesity (Jebb, 2004). Jebb (2004) states that It effects include metaboli c syndrome (type 2 diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia), and mechanical disorders (e.g. osteoarthritis, respiratory problems, sleep apnoea) and psycho favorable disorders (Jebb, 2004). Other scholar has a similar view that it is a significant problem that obesity is not only one of the endocrine-metabolic conditions but as well is a beginning of a series of diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome and some types of cancer in public health (Jimnez, 2011). Let us detail that those relationships between obesity and the following diseases.Firstly, there is an extremely close relationship of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Diabetes belongs to metabolic syndrome, which causes the factors of atherosclerotic disease (Jebb, 2004). Further, the development and severity of this kind of disease is depending on weight increase (ibid), thus obesity is an important element factor. For example, women whose BMI is 25 kg/ baksheesh to the prospect of diabetes is just five-fold, if the BMI is over 35 kg/, the opportunity will increased to more than 40-fold (Jebb, 2004). Furthermore, the chance of diabetes still depends on different body shapes, such as, apple-shaped, pear-shaped, if women have a similar BMI. Jebb found apple-shaped women who have a large waist are higher diabetes risk than pear-shaped women who have spare fat on the thighs and hips (Jebb, 2004).Secondly, cardiovascular disease is too linked with obesity or weight increase. The Nurses Health Study suggests that BMI is associated with cardiovascular disease (Jebb, 2004). Compared with the risk of CVD at BMI less than 21.5, the risk rose from BMI 22-23 and threefold at 25-28.9 and more than three times higher when the BMI reached at in a higher place 29 (ibid).Thirdly, the recent year have a growing cite which is the relationship between obesity and increased risk of most types of cancer, with the exclusion of lung cancer, postmenopausal breast cance r, colon and kidney cancer (Jebb, 2004). At the same time, it is estimated to assign 20 per cent of cancer deaths in women to obesity (ibid). It seems that the link between cancer and obesity is confirmed.To affection up, obesity is a serious spheric problem. To some extent, it became a killer to make human beings die prematurely. In recent years, deal have begun to pay close attention to this topic. simply what caused the obesity is the key point, which is cost us to explore the future(a) section will analyze some important factors that lead to obesity.Causes of obesityThe causes of obesity are extremely complex. A huge number of research indicate that the reason of obesity is not a single result. People are obese because of the complex interaction between genes and the unique personal habits (Eagle et al, 2004 Jimnez, 2011 Tomer, 2011). Firstly, genes are not only crucial factor for obesity, but the environment similarly plays an important role (ibid). At the same time, ge nes will be changed with maternal(p) unique life style and their surrounding (Eagle et al 2004 Jimnez, 2011). Secondly, the unique personal habits impact numerous aspects, such as, pabulum, choice habit, sedentary lifestyle and other social factors (Tomer, 2011). It seems that the causes of obesity are complex and constantly changing. To sum up, these reasons are divided into two major categories, congenital and acquired factors. This section will detail how two kinds of factors can make individuals obese.Congenital factorsThere is no doubt that genes are one of the causes for obesity. Nowadays, sufficiently solid scientific evidence provides that genes are winding in the development of obesity (Jimnez, 2011). It is determined that individuals metabolism, detoxification and production of hormones could increase their weight and make them obese (Tomer, 2011). For instance, some small parts of obese individuals owes to genes which lead to some clinical syndrome. Obesitys mono genic reasons include mutations in the leptin gene and its receptor, or the melanocortin carcass. Other genetic syndromes are a frequent element of the phenotype. However, these occupy only small parts (Jebb, 2004). At the same time, heritability studies indicate that genetic factor is only influenced approximately a 3rd of the variance of BMI (ibid).Therefore, it is claimed that genes are just potential inducers for obesity (Jimnez, 2011). On the other hand, even some scholars maintain that obesity is the result mixed up with certain genes and the environment. Genetic changes produce a new trend that obesity is a result of the interaction between genes and environment (Jimnez, 2011). It means that the new gene will be decided jointly by the anterior generation of genes and environments. Furthermore, a mass of other candidate genes have been associated with obesity. For example, nutrient preferences or exercise habits (Jebb, 2004).Acquired factorsCompared with congenital factor s, acquired factors are more influenced for obesity. It is reflected in the peoples diet, behavior patterns and many other aspects (Eagle et al, 2004 Jimnez, 2011 Tomer, 2011). Jimnezs view is that receivable to a long time skills accumulation which is energy inhalant exceeds people take, there are some obese people. devil crucial behaviors are diet intake and taking exercise resulted in obesity (Jimnez, 2011). Hyman (cited in Tomer, 2011) states that there are three dietary reasons producing obesity, including diet high in refined, processed carbohydrates, diet high in deplorable fats and diet low in fiber (Hyman in Tomer, 2011).However, Brownel (cited in Tomer, 2011) think that powerful forces of society and culture are the root of the obesity problem, because it can promote individuals selecting high energy diet and a sedentary lifestyle (Brownel et al in Tomer, 2011). Over the past three decades, the obesity get it on was aggravated by this kind of environment (Bro wnel et al in Tomer, 2011). It is worth noting, these effects will not make everyone change their eat habits it depends on different people. Apart from genes, if someone understands nutrition very well, they may chip the effect of environment. Nevertheless, unfortunately a great many people are vulnerable to the toxic environment impact (Brownel et al in Tomer, 2011).This next section will minutely explain the acquired factors of obesity, including eating habits, less bodily function and honoring advertisements on television. Owing to some poor eating habits, there were so many obese people (McLannahan and Clifton, 2008 p28). In the first place, different foods provide different extent energy, so that intake energy more than their ingest lead to obesity. For example, when individuals eat more than their need in their occasional life, they will become fatter (McLannahan and Clifton, 2008 p29-31). It demonstrates that excess foods intake caused excess body weight (McLannahan an d Clifton, 2008 p29). In the second place, energy-dense diet is an important reason for make people obese. Energy-dense diets are high in fat, high in added sugars and low in fruit and vegetables and this kind of diet could enhance the probability of obesity (Jebb, 2004).Fast foods are typical energy dense diets, and these are acknowledged to be a risk factor for obesity (Niemeier et al in Musaiger et al, 2014). Musaigers research showed that as a result of the high consumption of fast food, there was an increase trend about obesity (Musaiger et al, 2014). At the same time, a report was carried out by Gortmaker (cited in Musaiger et al, 2014), a high consumption of soft drinks was proved to be a reason for obesity.It is concluded that sugary beverages are less satiating than solid food containing similar calorie values, therefore it contributes to acquire more energy (Gortmaker et al in Musaiger et al, 2014). In addition, there is a school of belief that eating more fruit and veget ables are beneficial to decrease the probability of obesity (Musaiger et al, 2014). For instance, in the United States, 12-year old boys and 11-year-old girls consumed any fruits and vegetable employed 56.1 per cent and 65.5 per cent respectively (Eagle et al, 2004). It may be explained that nearly half(a) children do not eat any fruits and vegetable, and it boosts the number of obese children. some other important reason is lack of activity. Nowadays, modern people living in developed societies do not take more exercise than their solution (McLannahan and Clifton, 2008 p28). It is possible lead to obesity. Hyman (cited in Tomer, 2011) provides that a sedentary pattern can make weight gaining, by the lower metabolic rates (Hyman in Tomer, 2011). Moreover, some evidence indicates that the awareness of the innate appetite control system can be strengthened by high levels of physical activity. In the mean time, it is easier to automatically make energy intake and energy needs b alance (Jebb, 2004). This is a key issue that increases in obesity can not be simply attributed to over-eating or inadequate activity, rather it represents a failure of the homeostatic mechanisms to precisely match energy intake to the bodys energy needs (Jebb, 2004).Furthermore, exercises levels are also important. People whether willing to do exercise is a main factor of energy needs (Jebb, 2004). For example, if a person who is a white-collar doer has a sedentary life, driving a car commuting and not seeking leisure activity, their basal metabolic rate may be used just 30 per cent (Jebb, 2004). On the contrary, a for the most part active adult may expend about 60 per cent and a particular active sportsman can consume two-fold her or him basal energy needs (Jebb, 2004). It can be seen that doing more activity contributes to consume more energy, oddly helping to maintain insulin aesthesia and reduce the risk of obesity.Furthermore, in the recent year, people spend more time on internet and watching television. Therefore, high-tech environment brings some influences to make people obese. The Henry J Kaiser Family Foundation indicates that adverts on television have effects on childhood obesity levels (Musaiger et al, 2014). At the same time, according to the American Psychological Associations report, children less than 8 year olds do not distinguish the difference between adverts and candor (Musaiger et al, 2014). Through displaying some advertisements which some stars eating delicious foods makes a condition reflection, so that people who watches advertisements may eat more foods, and it causes an increase of intake energy, especially if people repeatedly watches these advertisements on television (Eagle et al, 2004).Actually, is utilizes the changeless relationship of stimulus and response in humans brain, according to neoclassic Conditioning theory (Eagle et al, 2004). When people watches television, it equivalently irritate people awareness that ne ed eating snack or meals. Thus watching television is a way to cause intake more energy and make people obesity. Further, advertisements on television not only boost people eating but also have negative impacts on food choices of viewers. To some extent, it caused people preferring to choose higher fat and higher energy foods (Eagle et al, 2004). To sum up, watching television leads to people become obesity.As discussed above, there is a dramatic rise about obesity in many countries nowadays, cod to the complex interaction of a variety of reasons, divided to congenital causes and acquired factors (Wright, 2012). Moreover, obesity has many negative impacts on human health. It represents in higher death rate and many chronic conditions. The purpose of this essay is make people understand that these diseases have produced seriously harm to peoples health, and through explaining causes of obesity make people improve obesity problem. To be specific, the causes which lead to obesity are extraordinary complex, divided into congenital and acquired factors. There is no doubt that the congenital factor is genes result in obesitys development. Furthermore, the acquired factors involved many aspects, including diet, life behavior patterns and high-tech environment.This essay peculiarly has explained that three factors, such as eating habits, physical activity and watching advertisements on television, resulted in obesity. On the other hand, obesity is not only endocrine-metabolic disease, but also it is many other diseases start. For instance, some serious risks which are the premature death and morbidity of chronic conditions are caused by obesity. Firstly, about premature death, this essay used some data which compared different lifespan of different extent obese people and normal weight people, particularly middle aged and elderly people are particularly serious. In addition, in the part of chronic disease, this essay has analysed the type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and some types of cancer were produced by obesity. To sum up, obesity is a spheric problem. As a result of many complex reasons, there are increasing people became obesity. At the same time, obesity boosts rate of premature death and morbidity of chronic conditions.ReferencesBorrell, L. and Samuel, L. (2014) Body Mass Index Categories and Mortality Risk in US Adults The Effect of Overweight and Obesity on Advancing Death, American Journal Of Public Health, 104 (3) 512-519, SPORTDiscus with Full Text, EBSCOhost, viewed 18 appalling 2014.Eagle, L, Bulmer, S, Kitchen, P. and Hawkins, J. (2004) Complex and controversial causes for the obesity epidemic The role of marketing communication theory, International Journal Of Medical Marketing, 4 (3) 271-287, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 18 venerable 2014.Gonzalez Jimenez, E. (2011) Genes and obesity a cause and effect relationship. 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